Which of the following are commonly submitted changes through ECPs?

The correct choice identifies that engineering change proposals (ECPs) commonly involve design modifications, process alterations, and material substitutions. ECPs are primarily used to manage changes in engineering and manufacturing processes, focusing on the technical aspects of a product or service.

Design modifications represent alterations to the existing design of a product, which might involve changes in dimensions, materials, or features to improve functionality or reduce costs. Process alterations refer to changes in the methods used to manufacture or assemble a product, aimed at enhancing efficiency or quality. Material substitutions involve replacing one material with another to improve performance, reduce costs, or meet updated regulatory requirements.

These changes are critical as they directly impact product performance, compliance with standards, and the ability of a company to respond to evolving market demands or technological advancements. ECPs formalize the process of documenting and approving these changes, ensuring that all stakeholders are informed and that the alterations are made systematically to maintain product integrity and safety.